Bonaparte had arrived on Elba on May 14, 1814, a little more than a month after he had abdicated the French imperial throne. While in exile, he kept abreast of the goings-on in Europe. He knew that France again had a king, Louis XVIII. He knew that the leaders of Europe were negotiating at the Congress of Vienna. He didn't like what he found out.

As time went on, the alliance that had coalesced into resistance to the French Empire in the person of Napoleon fragmented, as competing desires led to differences of opinion in how to carry on with relation to one another. The remaining powers disagreed on how to proceed with regard to Poland and with Saxony and other German states. Austria wanted northern Italy. The strength of Russia scared and intimidated rulers in Western Europe. Closer to home, the people of France were not all that happy with another king (even though they had had an emperor serving over them for a few years). Also filtering through were reports of the new French government's treating the people poorly. All of this was known to Napoleon, and knowing all of this, coupled with his desire to still make a difference in the world, compelled him to escape his island exile.

On Feb. 25, 1815, a flotilla of six ships sailed from Elba. On one of those ships, the Inconstant, was Bonaparte, along with a group of loyal soldiers who had been with him on the island. They reached France on March 1.

Bonaparte and his small force, which was small only in relative terms and was in reality about 1,000, put ashore near Cannes and marched toward Paris. The path was a relatively straight one, with the exception of Provence (still strongly loyal to the royalist faction), which Bonaparte and his men avoided by going through the Alps.

The march to Paris was not uneventful. The path through the Alps was a difficult one, as always. As well, even though the group of soldiers marching toward Paris grew steadily as it went, the response from various regiments was not always favorable. On March 7, at Grenoble, the 5th Infantry stood opposed to the returned emperor and his renewed retinue. Seeing this, Bonaparte opened his coat and calmly said, "If any of you will shoot his Emperor, here I am." No soldier fired a gun or in any other way attacked Bonaparte. Instead, ending the intervening silence was the cheer "Long live the emperor!" As well, Marshal Michel Ney, who had followed a great many orders from Bonaparte in the past, had been sent by the king with a force of 6,000 soldiers to arrest Napoleon and bring him back to Paris in an iron cage. The two forces met on March 18, and Ney abandoned his current instructions in order to take new ones from his former commander. The emperor's force moved on to Lyon, taking that city as well. By this time, the force numbered 15,000.

King Louis XVIII had left Paris on March 13, and Bonaparte and his men arrived the following week. They had faced not a single shot fired in anger. By that time, the Congress of Vienna had declared Napoleon an outlaw. On March 25, a familiar group of countries signed the Treaty of Alliance; following that was the War of the Seventh Coalition.

Bonaparte resumed his position as emperor and, on April 23, set up a new two-house parliament, the lower chamber of which (the Chamber of Representatives) had 300 elected deputies and the higher of which (the Chamber of Peers) contained members appointed by the emperor. A plebiscite approved a new constitution on May 25, and the parliament opened on June 1.

In the Treaty of Alliance, the signatories (Austria, Prussia, Russia, and the U.K.) had pledged to each contribute 150,000 men to opposing Bonaparte and France. France had nowhere near that many soldiers.

The Allies had set a date of July 1 for an invasion of France. The gap between the declaration of war and the first major Allied action was to give Austria and Russia enough time to mobilize their forces sufficiently. As well, a large part of the U.K. force had been sent to North America, to fight in the War of 1812. Bonaparte chose not to wait, attacking the Prussian force at Ligny on June 16 while Ney engaged the U.K. forces at Quatre Bas. The former was a French victory; the latter was nondecisive. The Allied force at Quatre Bas withdrew to Waterloo, in what is now Belgium. The commander of that force was Arthur Wellesley, known as the Duke of Wellington.

The Battle of Waterloo, on June 18, was a triumphant victory for the Allied forces and a catastrophic defeat for France. Unbowed, Bonaparte hurried back to Paris, in an attempt to assume dictatorial powers on the model of Ancient Rome. After the defeat on the battlefield, however, the mood on the ground had changed again. After consultation with his ministers, one of whom was Marshal Davout, Bonaparte abdicated for a second time, on June 22. Replacing him as head of the government was Joseph Fouché. The former emperor went to stay at Malmaison, where his first wife, Josephine, had died, in 1814. He had hoped to escape, perhaps to go to the U.S., but the Royal Navy blockade was still in place.

Allied armies entered Paris on July 7, having fought their way through a few contingents of French troops on their way there. The following day, Louis XVIII returned and again took the throne. Bonaparte, meanwhile, surrendered himself, on July 15, and was sent to the U.K. He was later sent for a second exile to St. Helena, an even more remote island than Elba. He arrived on October 15.

St. Helena was in the Atlantic Ocean, more than 1,000 from the west coast of Africa. As a precaution against a second Hundred Days, the U.K. sent a garrison of soldiers to Ascension Island, which was geographically between St. Helena and Europe. Napoleon did not return. Instead, he dictated his memoirs and also wrote a book on Julius Caesar.

He was treated more harshly and initially had little access to French newspapers or books and so the former emperor learned English, so he could keep up with the goings-on printed in English-language materials. He lived at Longwood House, a long abandoned dwelling that was damp and in bad repair. Napoleon suffered from various illnesses in his last years, beginning in 1817. He is thought by some historians to have had stomach cancer. Another theory is that he died of arsenic poisoning, perhaps from the walls and furnishings of the house in which he lived. He died there on May 5, 1821.

Quotes by Napoleon:

• "Ability is nothing without opportunity."
• "Until you spread your wings, you'll have no idea how far you can fly."
• "Take time to deliberate, but when the time for action has arrived, stop thinking and go."
• "Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake."
• "Victory is not always winning the battle ... but rising every time you fall."
• "The reason most people fail instead of succeed is they trade what they want most for what they want at the moment."
• "Courage isn't having the strength to go on – it is going on when you don't have strength."
• "Show me a family of leaders, and I will show you the people who move the world."

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